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Chronic sinus infections last beyond twelve weeks and often involve multiple contributing factors, such as structural abnormalities (nasal polyps, deviated septum, or narrow sinus passages), allergies, immune system issues, or environmental irritants like cigarette smoke and pollution

One traditional approach involves two separate operations, the first to remove the disease and divert the intestinal contents to a colostomy bag on the skin, and the second, several months later, to hook the colon and rectum back together (see Figure 3)

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One animal study demonstrated that PNE increases expression levels of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and adrenal steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR) in pregnant rats and reduces the levels of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (11-HSD-2) which is responsible for the inactivation of mother-derived GC [46]